Recently, Jessica Rose published a very long, but very important Substack article, "Is the spike protein acting as a prion with regard to hemoglobin molecules? And is porphyria being induced?"
- According to everything we know, yes, it appears so.
- The virus infects the RBCs using spike protein via the CD147 receptor on red blood cells which causes hemolysis (rupture of the red blood cell).
- Then, due to its amyloidogenic peptides, triggers mis-folding of the hemoglobin into amylloid fibrils causing subsequent blood clots.
Why isn't the NIH funding a study looking at blood parameters before/after vaccination?
- They don't want to know.
Is the spike protein acting as a prion with regard to hemoglobin molecules? And is porphyria being induced?
Pfizer to Acquire Global Blood Therapeutics for $5.4 Billion to Enhance Presence in Rare Hematology
- Blood is made up of white blood cells, platelets, plasma, and red blood cells
- Red blood cells or erythrocytes comprise a large component of the blood and originate from the bone marrow
- They are anucleated (they do not contain a nucleus) so they can slip in and out of tight spaces like blood vessels within the circulatory system
- Each cell contains millions of proteins called hemoglobin, which is red because of red blood cell content, and also because of the iron cores in the heme (porphyrin containing iron ring) that make up the hemoglobin proteins
- This means that depending on which blood type you are, you will have specific antigens on the surfaces of your blood cells
Hemoglobin is a protein found in red blood cells or erythrocytes that binds oxygen molecules.
- It is composed of four globin subunits: 2 alpha and 2 beta, and each subunit has an iron-bound heme (a porphyrin ring).
- The hemoglobin's job is to deliver oxygen to sites in the human body, like capillaries, for cellular metabolism.
- When carbon dioxide levels are high in the blood, the pH of the blood drops, and this causes a conformational change in the hemoglobin protein promoting the release of the oxygens from the heme complexes.
On Malaria and COVID-19
- Plasmodium falciparum is the etiological agent of malaria and does its damage by infecting red blood cells thus causing extensive changes in them and can ultimately result in hemolysis
- SARS-CoV-2 is capable of affecting the genetics and dynamics of erythrocytes and this coexists with a non-homeostatic function of cardiovascular, respiratory, and renal systems
- Malaria is curable using chloroquine and possibly artemisinin
- The susceptibility of individuals to bacterial infections may be affected by hemoglobin polymorphisms
Since Plasmodium falciparum can use CD147 to enter erythrocytes to disassemble hemoglobin to induce a disease state (and thus induce amyloid plaque production)
- Does it also 'disrupt' hemoglobin (or even to 'attack the beta chains of hemoglobin' (reference #9)) to induce disease?
- Two questions:
- Can the prion-like protein associated with the SARS-nCoV-2 spike protein induce mis-folding of the hemoglobin molecule to incapacitate oxygen binding, and if so, how does it induce denaturation of the protein by reducing it to its apohemoglobin form
SARS-nCoV-2 attacks the 1-Beta Chain of Hemoglobin and Captures the Porphyrin to Inhibit Heme Metabolism
- Recovery from SARS infection in HCWs was faster (mean 8 days) with co-infection of malaria than without malaria (p <.005).
- The reason why people in malarial endemic regions do better with COVID-19 is due to cross-reactive T cells.
- Amyloid fibrils have been shown to develop from hemolysis of hemoglobin.
You have a bunch of life-savers - the candy, not the life-guard apparatus
- You stick each one in your mouth, give them each a go, decide you don't like the taste of any of them, and so you stick them together making a gross, sticky life-saver clump
- Then, for some reason, you wrap the clump in string.
- To clean up this mess, you have to unwrap the string or find a way to dissolve it.
Clinical evidence to help answer questions 1 and 2:
- Look for something called Heinz bodies in red blood cells composed of denatured hemoglobin.
- Dysregulation of red blood cell function in the context of SARS-nCoV-2 has been shown in 14 individuals with severe COVID-19
- There is no MedDRA code for “Heinz body”
- Evidence of hemolysis
Does the spike protein from the COVID-19 injections cause porphyria?
- Yes, they are associated with increased reporting (a 17,265% increase as compared to the average of the past 5 years) and the reports are filed in temporal proximity to the injection dates (Figure 13).
- More studies are needed to determine whether or not there is a propensity toward Heinz bodies in people who have been injected with the drug
Bottom Line
- The virus infects the RBCs using spike protein via the CD147 receptor on red blood cells which causes hemolysis (rupture of the red blood cell).
- This causes the release of massive amounts of hemoglobin.
- Then, the spike protein, due to its amyloidogenic peptides, triggers mis-folding of the hemoglobin into amylloid fibrils causing subsequent blood clots.
- Blood clots would be enhanced due to antibodies.
Bone Marrow
- The soft, spongy tissue that has many blood vessels and is found in the center of most bones.
The impact of ABO blood groups on clinical outcomes and susceptibility to COVID-19: A retrospective study in an unselected population
- Kim Y, Latz CA, DeCarlo CS, Lee S, Png CYM, Kibrik P, Sung E, Alabi O, Dua A.
- Relationship between blood type and outcomes following COVID infection. Semin Vasc Surg. 2021 Sep;34(3):125-131. PMID: 34642032; PMCID: PMC8286549.
COVID-19: Attacks the 1-Beta Chain of Hemoglobin and Captures the Porphyrin to Inhibit Heme Metabolism
- Hemoglobin degradation in the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum: an ordered process in a unique organelle
- Pishchany, G., & Skaar, E. P. (2012). Taste for Blood: Hemoglobin as a Nutrient Source for Pathogens
- PLoS Pathogens, 8(3), e1002535
- Liu and Li. (2013). Hemoglobin breakdown in PLAS-19
- Ramanujam VS, Anderson KE, Bonkovsky HL, Bissell DM, et al. (2017). Porphyria diagnostics-part 1: a brief overview of the porphyrias
- Current Protocols in Human Genetics, 2015;86:17.1-17.20
- Balwani M, Bloomer J, Desnick R, and Bissell D. (2018). Erythropoietic protoporphyria, autosomal recessive
Dysregulation in erythrocyte dynamics caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection: possible role in shuffling the homeostatic puzzle during COVID-19
- Mohandas N, An X. et al.
- Malaria and human red blood cells: unmasking their ties
- Pretini Virginia, Koenen Mischa H., Kaestner Lars, Fens Marcel H., and Slater AF
- Chloroquine: mechanism of drug action and resistance in Plasmodium falciparum
- Coy D. Fitch and Natrice V. Russell
- Accelerated Denaturation of Hemoglobin
- Tolerability and pharmacokinetic evaluation of inhaled dry powder hydroxychloroquine in healthy volunteers
- Red Blood Cells: Chasing Interactions
- Hemoglobin value may be decreased in patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019
- Klonis N, Crespo-Ortiz MP, Bottova I, and Kenny S.
Co-infection of malaria and early clearance of SARS-CoV-2 in healthcare workers
- Mahajan NN, Gajbhiye RK, Bahirat S, et al.
- J Med Virol. 2021;93(4):2431-2438.
- doi:10.1002/jmv.26760
- SARS and Plasmodium falciparum common immunodominant regions may explain low COVID-19 incidence
Amyloid Fibrils from Hemoglobin
- Jayawardena N, Kaur M, Nair S, Malmstrom J, Goldstone D, Negron L, Gerrard JA, Domigan LJ.
- Dysregulation in erythrocyte dynamics caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection: possible role in shuffling the homeostatic puzzle during COVID-19. Hematol Transfus Cell Ther Ther. 2022;44(2):235-245
- https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/heinz-body
- Mendonça MM, da Cruz KR, Pinheiro DDS, et al. Hemoglobin stability: observations on the denaturation of normal and abnormal hemoglobins by oxidant dyes, heat, and alkali. J Clin Invest. 1970;49(12):2369-2376
- Gloria F. Cher, Evan M. Braunstein, Shruti Chaturvedi, Robert A. Brodsky
https://jessicar.substack.com/p/is-the-spike-protein-acting-as-a
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