For almost all of the two millennia, traders from China played only a minor part; foreigners went to China because of its market.
Romans arrived in Nusantaria by sea in the second and third centuries, when Rome had massive trade based out of Alexandria with India, which in turn was linked by traders and Hindu and Buddhist preachers with the archipelago.
Europeans made the trade rules and created demand for labour for mines and plantations, which brought huge numbers of Chinese and spurred the rapid growth of regional trade with southern China.
China's need for large-scale foreign trade is a very recent phenomenon.
China's recent expansion in the South China Sea has sparked a reawakening of pan-Malay sentiment.
Obsessions with Pakistan and Kashmir remain an impediment to India's reorientation, but in India's port cities there's the potential for reinvigorating historical trading links to the archipelago, as well as Persia and Arabia.
China's plan to influence politics and trade through the Belt and Road Initiative seems likely to produce many projects that have little economic justification or that, like the Tanzam railway in Africa, quickly decay.
https://www.aspistrategist.org.au/a-historical-perspective-on-chinas-southward-advance/
Romans arrived in Nusantaria by sea in the second and third centuries, when Rome had massive trade based out of Alexandria with India, which in turn was linked by traders and Hindu and Buddhist preachers with the archipelago.
Europeans made the trade rules and created demand for labour for mines and plantations, which brought huge numbers of Chinese and spurred the rapid growth of regional trade with southern China.
China's need for large-scale foreign trade is a very recent phenomenon.
China's recent expansion in the South China Sea has sparked a reawakening of pan-Malay sentiment.
Obsessions with Pakistan and Kashmir remain an impediment to India's reorientation, but in India's port cities there's the potential for reinvigorating historical trading links to the archipelago, as well as Persia and Arabia.
China's plan to influence politics and trade through the Belt and Road Initiative seems likely to produce many projects that have little economic justification or that, like the Tanzam railway in Africa, quickly decay.
https://www.aspistrategist.org.au/a-historical-perspective-on-chinas-southward-advance/
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